Microbiology

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Senior Contributing Authors

Nina Parker, Shenandoah University
Mark Schneegurt, Wichita State University
Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University
Philip Lister, Central New Mexico Community College
Brian M. Forster, Saint Joseph’s University


Contributing Authors

Summer Allen, Brown University
Ann Auman, Pacific Lutheran University
Graciela Brelles-Mariño, Universidad Nacional de la Plata
Myriam Alhadeff Feldman, Lake Washington Institute of Technology
Paul Flowers, University of North Carolina–Pembroke
George Pinchuk, Mississippi University for Women
Ben Rowley, University of Central Arkansas
Mark Sutherland, Hendrix College
Clifton Franklund, Ferris State University
Ann Paterson, Williams Baptist University

Chapter 1 An Invisible World
• Introduction
• 1.1 What Our Ancestors Knew
• 1.2 A Systematic Approach
• 1.3 Types of Microorganisms
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 2 How We See the Invisible World
• Introduction
• 2.1 The Properties of Light
• 2.2 Peering Into the Invisible World
• 2.3 Instruments of Microscopy
• 2.4 Staining Microscopic Specimens
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 3 The Cell
• Introduction
• 3.1 Spontaneous Generation
• 3.2 Foundations of Modern Cell Theory
• 3.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
• 3.4 Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 4 Prokaryotic Diversity
• Introduction
• 4.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes
• 4.2 Proteobacteria
• 4.3 Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria and Phototrophic Bacteria
• 4.4 Gram-Positive Bacteria
• 4.5 Deeply Branching Bacteria
• 4.6 Archaea
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 5 The Eukaryotes of Microbiology
• Introduction
• 5.1 Unicellular Eukaryotic Parasites
• 5.2 Parasitic Helminths
• 5.3 Fungi
• 5.4 Algae
• 5.5 Lichens
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 6 Acellular Pathogens
• Introduction
• 6.1 Viruses
• 6.2 The Viral Life Cycle
• 6.3 Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses
• 6.4 Viroids, Virusoids, and Prions
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 7 Microbial Biochemistry
• Introduction
• 7.1 Organic Molecules
• 7.2 Carbohydrates
• 7.3 Lipids
• 7.4 Proteins
• 7.5 Using Biochemistry to Identify Microorganisms
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 8 Microbial Metabolism
• Introduction
• 8.1 Energy, Matter, and Enzymes
• 8.2 Catabolism of Carbohydrates
• 8.3 Cellular Respiration
• 8.4 Fermentation
• 8.5 Catabolism of Lipids and Proteins
• 8.6 Photosynthesis
• 8.7 Biogeochemical Cycles
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 9 Microbial Growth
• Introduction
• 9.1 How Microbes Grow
• 9.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth
• 9.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth
• 9.4 Temperature and Microbial Growth
• 9.5 Other Environmental Conditions that Affect Growth
• 9.6 Media Used for Bacterial Growth
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 10 Biochemistry of the Genome
• Introduction
• 10.1 Using Microbiology to Discover the Secrets of Life
• 10.2 Structure and Function of DNA
• 10.3 Structure and Function of RNA
• 10.4 Structure and Function of Cellular Genomes
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 11 Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics
• Introduction
• 11.1 The Functions of Genetic Material
• 11.2 DNA Replication
• 11.3 RNA Transcription
• 11.4 Protein Synthesis (Translation)
• 11.5 Mutations
• 11.6 How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity
• 11.7 Gene Regulation: Operon Theory
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 12 Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics
• Introduction
• 12.1 Microbes and the Tools of Genetic Engineering
• 12.2 Visualizing and Characterizing DNA, RNA, and Protein
• 12.3 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering
• 12.4 Gene Therapy
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 13 Control of Microbial Growth
• Introduction
• 13.1 Controlling Microbial Growth
• 13.2 Using Physical Methods to Control Microorganisms
• 13.3 Using Chemicals to Control Microorganisms
• 13.4 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 14 Antimicrobial Drugs
• Introduction
• 14.1 History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery
• 14.2 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
• 14.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs
• 14.4 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs
• 14.5 Drug Resistance
• 14.6 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials
• 14.7 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o True/False
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
• Introduction
• 15.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease
• 15.2 How Pathogens Cause Disease
• 15.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens
• 15.4 Virulence Factors of Eukaryotic Pathogens
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 16 Disease and Epidemiology
• Introduction
• 16.1 The Language of Epidemiologists
• 16.2 Tracking Infectious Diseases
• 16.3 Modes of Disease Transmission
• 16.4 Global Public Health
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 17 Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
• Introduction
• 17.1 Physical Defenses
• 17.2 Chemical Defenses
• 17.3 Cellular Defenses
• 17.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis
• 17.5 Inflammation and Fever
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 18 Adaptive Specific Host Defenses
• Introduction
• 18.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity
• 18.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells
• 18.3 T Lymphocytes and Cellular Immunity
• 18.4 B Lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity
• 18.5 Vaccines
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 19 Diseases of the Immune System
• Introduction
• 19.1 Hypersensitivities
• 19.2 Autoimmune Disorders
• 19.3 Organ Transplantation and Rejection
• 19.4 Immunodeficiency
• 19.5 Cancer Immunobiology and Immunotherapy
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 20 Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response
• Introduction
• 20.1 Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Production
• 20.2 Detecting Antigen-Antibody Complexes
• 20.3 Agglutination Assays
• 20.4 EIAs and ELISAs
• 20.5 Fluorescent Antibody Techniques
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 21 Skin and Eye Infections
• Introduction
• 21.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes
• 21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes
• 21.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes
• 21.4 Mycoses of the Skin
• 21.5 Protozoan and Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 22 Respiratory System Infections
• Introduction
• 22.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract
• 22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract
• 22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
• 22.4 Respiratory Mycoses
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 23 Urogenital System Infections
• Introduction
• 23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract
• 23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System
• 23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System
• 23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System
• 23.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System
• 23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 24 Digestive System Infections
• Introduction
• 24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
• 24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity
• 24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• 24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• 24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• 24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 25 Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections
• Introduction
• 25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
• 25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
• 25.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
• 25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Chapter 26 Nervous System Infections
• Introduction
• 26.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System
• 26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
• 26.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System
• 26.4 Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System
• Summary
Review Questions
o Multiple Choice
o Matching
o Fill in the Blank
o Short Answer
o Critical Thinking

Appendix A Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry Important to Microbiology
Appendix B Mathematical Basics
Appendix C Metabolic Pathways
Appendix D Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms
Appendix E Glossary